Mastard oilseed

Sucker reproduction

sucker reproduction

Types of bricks

 There have different types of bricks 

Sun-dried bricks : The clay mould are dried with sunlight and made the bricks. This types of bricks are not used in load bearing construction. Used in temporary structure. 

Burnt clay bricks : These are burnt clay from klin. These burnt clay are hard and used in load bearing structure.

First Class burnt clay bricks: Uniform shape, size and color. It have sharp edge and no cracks and defects.

Second class burnt clay bricks : Irregular shape and edge with some defects. 

3rd class burnt clay bricks: These have irregular shape, color and size with cracks,  defects and distortion.

Fourth class burnt clay bricks: Over burnt clay bricks 

Fly ash bricks : Mixture of clay and ash then burnt and made bricks.

Calcium silicate brocks: 

Types of sand

 Though,  scientifically sands are not classified like minerals, these are different in types.

Coral sand : Specially calcium carbonate. The sand is made from fragmented coral and shells. 

Volcanic sand : Sands from volcanic eruption. It consists with shattered volcanic glass. 

Irrigation canal

 Irrigation canal is a preparation that used to supply water from one place to another. Form river or reservoir to farmland irrigation canals ensures water supply.

Irrigation canals removes the uncertainty of water supply due to rainfall fluctuation that my cause drought and the excessive rainfall that may cause flood, excessive water could drainage through irrigation canal. 

Rice cultivation,  sugarcane cultivation and cotton cultivation mostly depends on regular hydration. Irrigation canal can provide hydration for plants with consistent water supply when needed. 

It prevent uneven water access

Properties of good bricks

 Bricks are a specialized instrument of building construction made by clay, sand and concrete. Depends on the raw materials and burning pattern there have different types of bricks used in different perspective. 

The durability,  strength and hardness of bricks depends on different types of bricks. A good bricks have following properties.

Hardness : The high hardness brick have long lasting existence and highest durability. It have less wear and tear. 

Compreasive strength : The high compression resistance strength of bricks are suitable for load bearing construction.

Absorption : Low water absorption of bricks are suitable for construction because it shows low cracking and tearing as well as shows low hydrophilic nature in water exposures.

Thermal conductivity : Bricks with low thermal conductivity have high insulation capacity.

Efflorescence : The deposition of white spot on the bricks due to salt. It weakens the bricks.

Alkali resistance : Bricks with high alkali resistance have less degrading property.

Physical properties of good bricks 

Size: 8.5 inch 4.5 inch product 2.75 inch bricks are good in size.

Color : Smooth surface and sharp edge bricks are good for load bearing construction.

Sound : While the high quality bricks are tapped it produces ringing sound. 

Drainage

 Drainage is a techniques of removing of the excessive water from an area. The drainage is used in different perspective now a days from agriculture to sewerage and industrial sewerage to medicinal implement. 

The natural drainage is caused by naturally made canal or drainage. The drainage system should be are in two class. 

Closed system drainage 

Open water system drainage 

Rainfall, irrigation in agriculture land should be connected with drainage system. These excessive water can easily discharge through open water. But the water of industrial sewerage may mixed with a large scale of chemicals and toxic elements that may cause a significant level of health hazard. So, these water from sewerage should be treat before pull it on open water.

When water from agriculture land should be drained? The soil that infiltrate with water is called saturated water. Infiltration of water into soil filtrate the pore in soil. The unsaturated soil forwards to saturates by the percolation of water. If soil is completely saturated with water it is very harmful for plants because plant root also requires air.  Hence, drainage water from soil surface and reirrigation may ensure water and air for plant root. 

Drainage should done from surface or from rootzone. Based on that drainage are in two types.

Surface water drainage : Drainage of water from surface soil.

Deep drainage: Water drainage from the root zone.

Deep drainage are in two class 

Open deep drainage : drainage by an open deep furrow or canal. 

Closed deep drainage : Drainage by a deep buried pipe from the water of rootzone.

Drip irrigation

 Drip irrigation is a specialised irrigation techniques that allows watering to the plant root through pipe or tubes.

It is a techniques that allows controlled watering to the root zone soil. It moist soil effectively as well as prevent maximum water loosing through evaporation. The deep perlocation also reduce the usage of water.

The drip irrigation is a specialised types of micro irrigation process. Specially managed drip irrigation introduces water conservation. 

There have a lot of advantages of drip irrigation.

Efficiency of water use 

Less loss of nutrient and fertiliser 

Field levelling is not mandatory 

Less soil erosion 

Less weed growth 

Fertigation

Less disease prone due to not wetting of foliage 

Uniform water distribution 

Less energy required 

Reduced labour cost 

Besides of advantages of drip irrigation there have some disadvantages.

Polymer degradation of tubes for sunlight 

Polymer degradation may release estrogenic  chemicals

Bioclogging may happen if the equipment is not maintain properly.

Another types of drip irrigation to reduce deep percolation and run off is pulsed irrigation that waters in controlled way in specific time gap.

Furrow irrigation

 Furrow irrigation is a special types of irrigation specially found in sugar cane cultivation,  citrus fruit cultivation and even in maize cultivation. 

In furrow irrigation the field is separated with a lot of parallel furrow. The width of ridge between two furrow is depends on the species of crop cultivation. 

Tomatoes cultivation is also followed by furrow irrigation. 

The water flows through the furrow from top to end with the effect of gravitational force. 

Surface irrigation

 Surface irrigation is watering is on flat land enclosed with earth bank and allowed to flow water at the end of plane land with the effect of gravitational force.

There have four types of surface irrigation 

The basin irrigation 

Basin irrigation is a good idea of watering in a small area enclosed by earth bank and allowing the infiltration of water. Basically in the soil of low infiltration rate basin irrigation is appropriate. 

Irrigation

 Irrigation : Irrigation is simply a controlled  watering process to plant. Water is required for plants physiological process like metabolism, energy production by photosynthesis, transportation of plants nutrients. Though, water is important like other essential elements for plant if excessive waterloadging happens it may cause death of plant. So controlled watering is required.

Irrigation not only support plants survival in agriculture, but also it provides another benefits like weed controlling in a way of storing grains germination, soil consolidation,  protecting crops from frost. It causes revegitation in drought land or desert revegetation.  

There are several types of irrigation

Surface irrigation 

Water drip irrigation 

Sprinkler irrigation

Microirrigation 

Sub irrigation